What does presence of bile pigment in urine indicate?

Presence of bile pigments in the urine indicate liver dysfunction. Excess amounts of bilirubin in the body can be caused by the overproduction of bilirubin. This condition may be due to the failure of the liver cells to metabolise and excrete the bilirubin produced.

What is the principle of Gmelin’s test?

The underlying principle of a variety of tests, as the Gmelin, Rosenbach, and Huppert-Cole, for qualitative detection of bile pigments is oxidation with formation of a series of color derivatives.

What is the positive result for pettenkofer test?

positive Pettenkofer test was proved absolutely to contain bile salts. But it may be said, further, that the method stated gives positive reactions in many cases of jaundice in which bile salts appear in the urine and gives negative tests in those same cases after the bile salts have disappeared from the urine.

How are bile salts detected in urine?

Procedure to detect bile salts in the urine:

Bile salts can be quantified by: Spectrophotometry.
Bile salts reduce the surface tension of liquids. The Scotch physician described this test (1885 to 1932).
HAY’s test is done. Sulfur powder is sprinkled over the surface of urine, and it sinks if bile salts are present.

What is the principle of Hays test?

Sulphur powder is sprinkled into a test tube with three millilitres of urine and if the test is positive, the sulphur powder sinks to the bottom of the test tube. Sulphur powder sinks because bile salts decrease the surface tension of urine.

What is the principle of fouchet’s test?

PRINCIPLE: The oxidizing action of Fouchet’s reagent converts the bile pigment to green biliverdin (if it has been transported to the liver and reduced, it is referred to as bilirubin.). Colors range from olive green to emerald green, depending on the concentration of bile pigment present.

What diseases are associated with bile pigment abnormalities?

There are three forms: (1) hemolytic jaundice (due to increased bilirubin production from excessive breakdown of red cells), (2) hepatocellular jaundice (due to disease of the liver parenchyma, e.g., alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, viral hepatitis, or metastatic carcinoma), and (3) obstructive …

What is the use of fouchet reagent?

Fouchet’s reagent is used to detect bilirubin (bile) in urine. To about 10 ml urine, add 1 gm barium chloride, mix and filter. Spread out on a filter paper. When it is partly dry, drop a little Fouchet’s reagent or yellow nitric acid on the precipitate.

What is bile and bile pigment?

The two main pigments of bile are bilirubin, which is yellow, and its oxidised form biliverdin, which is green. When mixed, they are responsible for the brown color of feces. About 400 to 800 millilitres of bile is produced per day in adult human beings.

What does sulfuric acid look like?

Sulfuric acid is a colorless oily liquid. It is soluble in water with release of heat. It is corrosive to metals and tissue. Sulfuric acid, spent appears as a black oily liquid.